{"id":240,"date":"2023-11-23T21:20:20","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T00:20:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2025-10-29T18:01:13","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T18:01:13","slug":"inferencia-simples","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/inferencia-simples\/","title":{"rendered":"Regress\u00e3o (Infer\u00eancia)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"240\" class=\"elementor elementor-240\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49e28c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"49e28c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9b01b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9b01b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o a Regress\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbf0769 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbf0769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A regress\u00e3o \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica estat\u00edstica que busca modelar e definir a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma vari\u00e1vel dependente (resposta) e uma ou mais vari\u00e1veis independentes (preditoras). O objetivo \u00e9 entender como as mudan\u00e7as nas vari\u00e1veis independentes est\u00e3o associadas a mudan\u00e7as na vari\u00e1vel dependente.<\/p><p>Podemos usar essa t\u00e9cnica para &#8220;prever&#8221; valores futuros da vari\u00e1vel resposta com base em supostos valores para as preditoras, ou para inferir rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a vari\u00e1vel resposta e suas dependentes. Observe a explica\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fabebf1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fabebf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98c65c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98c65c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diferen\u00e7a entre Regress\u00e3o por Infer\u00eancia e Regress\u00e3o por Previs\u00e3o\/Predi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-819e30d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"819e30d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-785b400 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"785b400\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-accea68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"accea68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regress\u00e3o por Infer\u00eancia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9e5d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf9e5d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Foca em entender rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre vari\u00e1veis.<\/li><li>Busca identificar quais vari\u00e1veis s\u00e3o estatisticamente significativas para explicar a variabilidade na vari\u00e1vel dependente.<\/li><li>Utiliza testes de hip\u00f3teses e intervalos de confian\u00e7a para infer\u00eancias.<\/li><\/ul><p>Como exemplo pr\u00e1tico, podemos imaginar uma avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de como diferentes fatores influenciam o pre\u00e7o de uma casa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0de3f3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0de3f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d2dc32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d2dc32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regress\u00e3o por Previs\u00e3o\/Predi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-322d6de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"322d6de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Foca na capacidade do modelo de fazer previs\u00f5es precisas.<\/li><li>Menor \u00eanfase na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada dos coeficientes.<\/li><li>Import\u00e2ncia na sele\u00e7\u00e3o de modelos com boa capacidade preditiva.<\/li><\/ul><p>Como exemplo pr\u00e1tico, podemos tentar prever o pre\u00e7o futuro de uma casa com base em caracter\u00edsticas como n\u00famero de quartos, localiza\u00e7\u00e3o, etc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0edbe9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d0edbe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2043af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2043af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objetivo da Regress\u00e3o por Infer\u00eancia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d57420 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d57420\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eab6b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eab6b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Entender a Rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Vari\u00e1veis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ad0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ad0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O principal objetivo da regress\u00e3o por infer\u00eancia \u00e9 compreender como as vari\u00e1veis independentes est\u00e3o relacionadas \u00e0 vari\u00e1vel dependente. Busca-se identificar e quantificar o impacto de cada vari\u00e1vel na vari\u00e1vel de interesse.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio da regress\u00e3o por previs\u00e3o, onde o foco \u00e9 criar um modelo que fa\u00e7a previs\u00f5es precisas, na regress\u00e3o por infer\u00eancia, o interesse vai al\u00e9m das previs\u00f5es. A \u00eanfase est\u00e1 na\u00a0<strong>explica\u00e7\u00e3o do relacionamento<\/strong>\u00a0subjacente entre as vari\u00e1veis, mesmo que isso signifique sacrificar um pouco a precis\u00e3o preditiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e765d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f0e765d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-606a94f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"606a94f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretabilidade dos Coeficientes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e824dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e824dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>Na regress\u00e3o por infer\u00eancia, a interpretabilidade dos coeficientes desempenha um papel crucial. Cada coeficiente est\u00e1 relacionado a uma vari\u00e1vel independente e indica a altera\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dia na vari\u00e1vel dependente, que ocorre quando a vari\u00e1vel independente associada aumenta em uma unidade, mantendo todas as outras vari\u00e1veis constantes.<\/div><br \/><div>Essa interpretabilidade \u00e9 valiosa para entender o impacto pr\u00e1tico das vari\u00e1veis e comunicar resultados a n\u00e3o-especialistas.<\/div><br \/><br \/><div>Por exemplo: Se o coeficiente associado \u00e0 vari\u00e1vel &#8220;quantidade de quartos&#8221; de uma casa for 0,20, isso pode ser interpretado como um aumento m\u00e9dio de 0,20 unidades na vari\u00e1vel dependente para cada quarto adicional.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713718a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"713718a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07af825 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07af825\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aprofundamento na Causalidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b8df65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b8df65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>A regress\u00e3o por infer\u00eancia permite uma abordagem mais aprofundada na busca por rela\u00e7\u00f5es causais entre as vari\u00e1veis. Embora n\u00e3o prove causalidade definitiva, a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o cuidadosa dos coeficientes pode ajudar a formular hip\u00f3teses sobre a dire\u00e7\u00e3o da causalidade.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efded85 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"efded85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcb7aae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcb7aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modelo de Regress\u00e3o Linear<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-651d180 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"651d180\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d624b8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d624b8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e714226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e714226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma Geral do Modelo de Regress\u00e3o Linear<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33c716b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33c716b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear simples \u00e9 dado por:<\/p><p><strong>y = \u03b20 + \u03b21&#215;1 + e<\/strong><\/p><p>Este modelo ser\u00e1 explorado nestes exemplos iniciais. Mais \u00e0 frente, abordaremos o modelo de Regress\u00e3o Linear M\u00faltipla, dado por:<\/p><p><strong>y = \u03b20 + \u03b21&#215;1 + \u03b22&#215;2 + \u2026 + \u03b2nxn + e<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddc4fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ddc4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b398635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b398635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Nesses modelos:<\/strong><\/p><p>y : \u00e9 a vari\u00e1vel resposta (dependente)<\/p><p>xi : \u00e9 a vari\u00e1vel preditora (independente)<\/p><p>\u03b20 : \u00e9 o intercepto ou coeficiente linear, representando o valor esperado de Y quando todas as vari\u00e1veis independentes s\u00e3o zero.<\/p><p>\u03b21 : \u00e9 o coeficiente angular ou de regress\u00e3o. S\u00e3o os coeficientes associados a cada vari\u00e1vel independente, indicando a mudan\u00e7a m\u00e9dia em Y para uma unidade de mudan\u00e7a na respectiva vari\u00e1vel independente, mantendo todas as outras constantes.<\/p><p>e : \u00e9 o termo de erro, representando a varia\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o explicada no modelo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b3ff95 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b3ff95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453ad01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"453ad01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o dos termos fundamentais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d08c819 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d08c819\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce37508 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce37508\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2c11f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a2c11f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Intercepto (\u03b2o):<\/h4><p>Representa o valor de Y quando todas as vari\u00e1veis independentes s\u00e3o zero. Em alguns contextos, pode ter significado pr\u00e1tico; em outros, pode n\u00e3o ter interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o real, dependendo do dom\u00ednio do problema (ser\u00e1 demonstrado no exemplo \u00e0 seguir).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1537a01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1537a01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d29cb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d29cb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Coeficientes (\u03b21, \u03b22\u2026):<\/h4><p>Indicam a mudan\u00e7a m\u00e9dia em Y associada a uma unidade de mudan\u00e7a na vari\u00e1vel independente correspondente. Interpretar esses coeficientes \u00e9 crucial para entender a influ\u00eancia relativa das vari\u00e1veis no resultado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc96fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bc96fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0b302a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0b302a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Termo de erro (e):<\/h4><p>Captura a varia\u00e7\u00e3o em Y que n\u00e3o \u00e9 explicada pelas vari\u00e1veis independentes inclu\u00eddas no modelo. Reflete a presen\u00e7a de fatores n\u00e3o observados ou aleat\u00f3rios que afetam Y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715ca45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"715ca45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a03404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a03404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Exemplo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b720086 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b720086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432f21c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"432f21c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Consideremos um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear que tenta prever o pre\u00e7o de casas (Y) com base no tamanho da casa (X1).<\/p><p>Segundo a f\u00f3rmula y = \u03b20 + \u03b21&#215;1 + e, ter\u00edamos:<\/p><p><strong>Pre\u00e7o = \u03b20 + \u03b21 (tamanho) + e.<\/strong><\/p><p>Neste caso, \u03b20 representaria o pre\u00e7o esperado quando o tamanho da casa e o n\u00famero de quartos s\u00e3o zero, o que n\u00e3o tem um significado pr\u00e1tico real.<\/p><p>\u03b21 indicaria a mudan\u00e7a m\u00e9dia no pre\u00e7o para uma unidade de aumento no tamanho da casa, mantendo o n\u00famero de quartos constante.<\/p><p>\u03b22 indicaria a mudan\u00e7a m\u00e9dia no pre\u00e7o para uma unidade de aumento no n\u00famero de quartos, mantendo o tamanho da casa constante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fab5302 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fab5302\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f71abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f71abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pressupostos da Regress\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d5f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d5f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>Alguns conceitos que s\u00e3o de importante conhecimento antes de aprendemos sobre regress\u00e3o, s\u00e3o<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-584ebac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"584ebac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b9804 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8b9804\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f25f25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f25f25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linearidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749305f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"749305f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>O pressuposto de linearidade assume que a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis independentes e a vari\u00e1vel dependente \u00e9 linear. Isso significa que as mudan\u00e7as nas vari\u00e1veis independentes est\u00e3o associadas a mudan\u00e7as proporcionais na vari\u00e1vel dependente.<\/div><br \/><div>A viola\u00e7\u00e3o desse pressuposto pode levar a estimativas enviesadas e imprecisas dos coeficientes de regress\u00e3o.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-168e7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"168e7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4981ff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4981ff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Independ\u00eancia dos Erros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3103955 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3103955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>Os erros do modelo devem ser independentes entre si. Isso significa que o valor de erro associado a uma observa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o deve depender dos valores de erro de outras observa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/div><br \/><div>A viola\u00e7\u00e3o desse pressuposto pode levar a padr\u00f5es sistem\u00e1ticos nos res\u00edduos, comprometendo a validade das infer\u00eancias estat\u00edsticas.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b3db5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44b3db5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2817cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2817cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Homocedasticidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fb57ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fb57ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>A variabilidade dos erros deve ser constante em todos os n\u00edveis das vari\u00e1veis independentes. Isso implica que a dispers\u00e3o dos res\u00edduos n\u00e3o deve depender dos valores previstos pelo modelo.<\/div><br \/><div>A heterocedasticidade (variabilidade desigual dos res\u00edduos) pode afetar a efici\u00eancia dos estimadores e distorcer os intervalos de confian\u00e7a.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da60bf1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da60bf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c3610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c0c3610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Normalidade dos Erros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407d26a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"407d26a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>Assume-se que os erros do modelo se distribuem normalmente. Isso n\u00e3o significa que as vari\u00e1veis observadas precisam ser normalmente distribu\u00eddas, mas sim que os erros do modelo (res\u00edduos) devem seguir uma distribui\u00e7\u00e3o normal.<\/div><br \/><div>A normalidade dos erros \u00e9 fundamental para realizar infer\u00eancias estat\u00edsticas, como intervalos de confian\u00e7a e testes de hip\u00f3teses. Em grandes amostras, a normalidade dos erros pode ser menos cr\u00edtica devido ao Teorema Central do Limite.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d5db1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16d5db1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-098b400 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"098b400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Independ\u00eancia entre Vari\u00e1veis Independentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e680c6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e680c6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>As vari\u00e1veis independentes devem ser independentes entre si, evitando multicolinearidade perfeita, onde uma vari\u00e1vel pode ser prevista com precis\u00e3o a partir de outras vari\u00e1veis independentes.<\/div><br \/><div>A multicolinearidade pode levar a estimativas imprecisas dos coeficientes e dificultar a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do impacto individual das vari\u00e1veis.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b403aef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b403aef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-696aff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"696aff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aus\u00eancia de Erros de Medi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9f4df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d9f4df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><div>Assume-se que as vari\u00e1veis medidas s\u00e3o livres de erros. Erros de medi\u00e7\u00e3o podem distorcer as rela\u00e7\u00f5es reais entre as vari\u00e1veis.<\/div><br \/><div>Erros de medi\u00e7\u00e3o podem levar a conclus\u00f5es incorretas sobre as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre vari\u00e1veis, afetando a validade do modelo.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f4105 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1f4105\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f6e47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f6e47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Exemplo Pr\u00e1tico de Infer\u00eancia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc074b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc074b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35ad7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35ad7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s uma boa introdu\u00e7\u00e3o te\u00f3rica, vamos ver um exemplo b\u00e1sico de infer\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Usaremos Python para nos ajudar a extrair dados de uma banco com informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre &#8220;SATs&#8221; e &#8220;GPAs&#8221; de alunos estadunidenses.<\/p><p>Mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es ser\u00e3o fornecidas ao longo do exemplo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1edea3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f1edea3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a3ed09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2a3ed09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111334.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cabd8c6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cabd8c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f440e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f440e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"54\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404-1024x86.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-245\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404-1024x86.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404-300x25.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404-768x65.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404.png 1353w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345b2d6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345b2d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794db82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"794db82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111449.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54bfa3f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"54bfa3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-433b471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"433b471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111404.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930af0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"930af0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e12d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"38e12d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111510.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-246\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111510.png 892w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111510-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111510-768x484.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6c2887 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b6c2887\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40d7f1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"40d7f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-111510.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd7ebd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd7ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9 sempre importante, ao criarmos um modelo de regress\u00e3o, que ele seja\u00a0<strong>significativo<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Pense, por que tentar\u00edamos prever o GPA de um aluno com base no seu SAT? Ou, no caso da infer\u00eancia, por que uma dessas vari\u00e1veis impactaria na pr\u00f3xima?<\/p><p>O SAT \u00e9 uma prova tamb\u00e9m usada para avaliar alunos americanos.<\/p><p>A prova tem uma parte de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de texto e uma parte de matem\u00e1tica, obrigatoriamente. Al\u00e9m disso, o aluno pode optar por fazer sem reda\u00e7\u00e3o ou com reda\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p><p>O GPA (Grade Point Average) \u00e9 o formato que os Estados Unidos calculam a m\u00e9dia das notas do aluno nos quatro \u00faltimos anos de escola.<\/p><p>Desse modo, \u00e9 esperado que alunos com maior GPA se saiam melhor em seus SATs. Igualmente, \u00e9 esperado que alunos que se saiam bem em seus SATs tenham altos GPAs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e8ffb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e8ffb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Considerando a f\u00f3rmula que vimos, y = b0 + b1x1, vamos formar o c\u00f3digo:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded63b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ded63b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15d1cb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"15d1cb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"91\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112138-1-1024x146.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-268\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112138-1-1024x146.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112138-1-300x43.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112138-1-768x109.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112138-1.png 1168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c618d71 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c618d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a596708 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a596708\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"129\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154-1024x207.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-191\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154-1024x207.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154-768x155.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154.png 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf0beeb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bf0beeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864dfd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864dfd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112232.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-192\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112232.png 967w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112232-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112232-768x534.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91557ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"91557ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b5735e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b5735e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112154.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c43ab2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5c43ab2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b807567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b807567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112232.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1856a9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1856a9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a120495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a120495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Observando o gr\u00e1fico a olho-nu, j\u00e1 fica claro que h\u00e1 uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o clara entre SAT e GPA. No geral, quanto maior o SAT, mais alto tende a ser o GPA. Com essa informa\u00e7\u00e3o clara, vamos para a regress\u00e3o em si:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"cell-X0QSN1kOb-xi\" class=\"cell text\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 16: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Antes de vermos o c\u00f3digo em si, precisamos entender uma quest\u00e3o:<\/p><p>Para definir a regress\u00e3o, vamos criar uma vari\u00e1vel X. Na f\u00f3rmula de regress\u00e3o\u00a0<em>y = b0 + x1b1<\/em>, observamos que b0 n\u00e3o possui coeficiente, ent\u00e3o, de onde vem x?<\/p><p>Entenda: o coeficiente b0 tamb\u00e9m pode ser representado como\u00a0<em>b0 * 1<\/em>. Esse valor 1, no caso, seria o coeficiente x0. Tal coeficiente \u00e9 retirado da f\u00f3rmula, pois seu valor seria sempre igual a um.<\/p><p>Apesar disso, para prop\u00f3sitos computacionais, \u00e9 bastante interessante incorporar essa no\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 equa\u00e7\u00e3o. Observe:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa6f55 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa6f55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989b615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"989b615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"175\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529-1024x280.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529-1024x280.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529-300x82.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529-768x210.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/12\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529.png 1351w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee14a00 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ee14a00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0198831 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0198831\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632-1024x644.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632-1024x644.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632-768x483.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632.png 1066w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a515b8f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a515b8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a46fb23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a46fb23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112529.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6c93c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3a6c93c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749c486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"749c486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112632.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba846c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba846c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Usaremos os dados obtidos acima para desenhar a &#8220;best fitting line&#8221; ou linha de melhor ajuste. Observe:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77395fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77395fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7531664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7531664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112612.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-250\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112612.png 894w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112612-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112612-768x247.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2460959 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2460959\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e3f6d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e3f6d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112612.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02879d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"02879d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-141bf51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"141bf51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-112656.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d2b87 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24d2b87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25e6986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25e6986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teste de Hip\u00f3teses e Intervalo de Confian\u00e7a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1d2ed2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1d2ed2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Apesar de, a olho-nu e &#8220;logicamente&#8221;, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis ser clara, introduziremos um conceito final nesse exemplo, que \u00e9 essencial \u00e0 Infer\u00eancia Estat\u00edstica: o Teste de Hip\u00f3teses.<\/p><p>\u00c0s vezes, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel que estat\u00edsticas &#8220;aparentemente&#8221; relacionadas n\u00e3o estejam relacionadas o suficiente para comprovarem o que queremos. Ou, podemos ter vi\u00e9ses, e querermos que dois atributos estejam relacionados. Nesses casos, usamos o teste de hip\u00f3teses.<\/p><p>Um teste de hip\u00f3teses \u00e9 uma ferramenta estat\u00edstica usada para tomar decis\u00f5es sobre as popula\u00e7\u00f5es com base nas amostras. Ele est\u00e1 diretamente associado ao intervalo de confian\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Um\u00a0<strong>intervalo de confian\u00e7a<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 uma faixa de valores na qual acredita-se que um par\u00e2metro (como um coeficiente de regress\u00e3o) esteja com uma certa probabilidade.<\/p><p>Por exemplo, um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de 95% indica que, se repet\u00edssemos a amostragem muitas vezes, o verdadeiro valor do coeficiente estaria dentro desse intervalo em 95% das vezes.<\/p><p>No contexto de regress\u00e3o, um teste de hip\u00f3teses permite avaliar se os coeficientes estimados s\u00e3o estatisticamente significativos. Geralmente, essa avalia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 feita com um intervalo de confian\u00e7a de 95%.<\/p><p>Um p-valor associado ao teste indica a probabilidade de observar os resultados observados (ou mais extremos) se a hip\u00f3tese nula de que o coeficiente \u00e9 zero for verdadeira.<\/p><p>A avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da signific\u00e2ncia estat\u00edstica ajuda na tomada de decis\u00f5es sobre quais vari\u00e1veis incluir ou excluir do modelo. Vari\u00e1veis estatisticamente insignificantes podem ser removidas, simplificando o modelo sem comprometer sua capacidade explicativa.<\/p><p>Ao realizar o teste de hip\u00f3teses, obtemos um p-valor associado ao coeficiente do tamanho da casa. Se o p-valor (100% &#8211; intervalo de confian\u00e7a) for suficientemente baixo, podemos rejeitar a hip\u00f3tese nula.<\/p><p>Observemos no c\u00f3digo abaixo um exemplo:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5d6bb2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b5d6bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31fe66c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"31fe66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113139-1024x453.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-80\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113139-1024x453.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113139-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113139-768x340.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113139.png 1407w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3855041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3855041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113206.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-81\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113206.png 1021w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113206-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-113206-768x527.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-565ff32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"565ff32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7323f6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7323f6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Parab\u00e9ns! Neste exemplo, criamos nosso primeiro algoritmo de Regress\u00e3o Linear, e pudemos inferir uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o a partir dele.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d34b28 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d34b28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48e4628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48e4628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modelos de Regress\u00e3o Linear e Infer\u00eancia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b5c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b5c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>\u00c9 bastante f\u00e1cil fazermos infer\u00eancias em modelos de regress\u00e3o simples. Se o modelo estiver correto, com um bom n\u00edvel de confiabilidade, as vari\u00e1veis se influenciam diretamente.<\/p><p>Para estes exemplos a seguir, continuaremos com c\u00f3digos em Python. Como o foco \u00e9 a Regress\u00e3o e a Infer\u00eancia, e n\u00e3o o c\u00f3digo em si, explicaremos o que cada c\u00f3digo faz o como interpretar os resultados.<\/p><p>Para vermos um exemplo mais real, escolhemos um modelo que discute a performance de alunos no Ensino M\u00e9dio. Essa base de dados pode ser acessada\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ics.uci.edu%2Fdataset%2F320%2Fstudent%2Bperformance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"aqui O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">aqui<\/a>.<\/p><p>Esse dataset \u00e9 bastante \u00fatil para tarefas de predi\u00e7\u00f5es e infer\u00eancia usando diversos algoritmos.<\/p><p>Para hoje, iremos explorar os dados, inferirindo mais rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre vari\u00e1veis. Com essa base de dados, poderemos exemplificar conceitos essenciais \u00e0 Infer\u00eancia, como m\u00e9tricas de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o, Vari\u00e1veis Dummy e Multicolinearidade.<\/p><p>Os dados desse banco incluem notas dos alunos, quest\u00f5es demogr\u00e1ficas e s\u00f3cio-econ\u00f4micas, e foram coletadas por meio de question\u00e1rios nas escolas.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5298566 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5298566\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1442d94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1442d94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"439\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120043.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-252\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120043.png 439w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120043-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3376b96 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3376b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc76560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bc76560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104-1024x190.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-253\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104-1024x190.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104-768x143.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104-1536x286.png 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104.png 1764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b93ae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6b93ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d3ae20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d3ae20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120043.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7193d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc7193d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120104.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0647435 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0647435\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dc356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36dc356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An\u00e1lise Explorat\u00f3ria de Dados, ou EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b18007 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b18007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Obtendo um banco de dados maior e mais complexo, precisamos, primeiro, entender os dados e sobre o que se tratam.<\/p><p>A an\u00e1lise explorat\u00f3ria de dados \u00e9 uma abordagem fundamental na \u00e1rea da ci\u00eancia de dados. Ela envolve a explora\u00e7\u00e3o e o entendimento dos dados. Aqui, buscamos compreender os dados que estamos analisando, e identificar poss\u00edveis correla\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f0ff5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f0ff5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120150.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6bb6ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6bb6ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120203.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e60d761 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e60d761\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87940ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87940ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120150.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-254\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120150.png 999w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120150-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120150-768x219.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58332bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"58332bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15345b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"15345b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120203.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-255\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120203.png 877w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120203-300x87.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120203-768x222.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-307affe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"307affe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4abddd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4abddd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Identificamos que 423 alunos pertencem a &#8220;GP&#8221; e 226 a &#8220;MS&#8221;. Observe no gr\u00e1fico abaixo:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d4c11f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0d4c11f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5562e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5562e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120236.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff336e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff336e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"102\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120236.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120236.png 871w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120236-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120236-768x123.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6422eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6422eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120255.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4b5f57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c4b5f57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aab4143 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aab4143\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Ainda assim, \u00e9 importante que nosso modelo sirva para alunos de ambas as escolas.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc02649 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bc02649\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c981e9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c981e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Infer\u00eancias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc30179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc30179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Com os dados pr\u00e9-analisados, temos uma no\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica de que tipo de informa\u00e7\u00f5es estamos vendo. Agora, podemos partir para infer\u00eancias. Algumas quest\u00f5es que talvez sejam interessantes sabermos s\u00e3o:<\/p><ol><li>Alunos mais velhos tendem a terem melhores ou piores notas?<\/li><li>O tamanho da fam\u00edlia do aluno tem alguma influ\u00eancia em suas notas?<\/li><li>Os empregos dos pais do aluno tem alguma influ\u00eancia em suas notas?<\/li><li>O tempo que um aluno estuda tem alguma influ\u00eancia em suas notas?<\/li><li>A escola do aluno importa?<\/li><li>Mais tempo livre resultou em notas melhores ou piores?<\/li><\/ol><p>Para testar essas infer\u00eancias, criaremos uma base\u00a0<em>data_corr<\/em>, que copia os exatos dados de nossa base atual, para que possamos manipul\u00e1-la, sem alterar a base original. Nela, avaliaremos a\u00a0<strong>correla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0entre algumas vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>A correla\u00e7\u00e3o varia de -1 a 1, onde:<\/p><ul><li>1 indica uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita positiva (quando uma vari\u00e1vel aumenta, a outra tamb\u00e9m aumenta de maneira linear).<\/li><li>-1 indica uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita negativa (quando uma vari\u00e1vel aumenta, a outra diminui de maneira linear).<\/li><li>0 indica nenhuma correla\u00e7\u00e3o linear.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0be40fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0be40fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb904e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb904e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120809.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-257\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120809.png 922w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120809-300x119.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120809-768x305.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc665e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ffc665e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d3a53a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d3a53a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823-1024x435.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-258\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823-1024x435.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823-768x327.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823.png 1357w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1136585 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1136585\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8be5eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8be5eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120809.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f331b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1f331b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120823.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-060fa49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"060fa49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Vemos que a maioria dos alunos est\u00e3o entre 15 a 19 anos, uma idade normal para alunos de Ensino M\u00e9dio. Temos, aparentemente, um outlier de 22 anos, e alguns alunos entre 20 a 21 anos. Isso seria plaus\u00edvel, pensando que s\u00e3o, provavelmente, alunos que repetiram de ano.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-307633d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"307633d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120836.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-421aa13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"421aa13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>A correla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 negativa, e bastante fraca. Isso n\u00e3o \u00e9 surpreendente, se pensarmos que \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel que alunos de 20+ anos foram retidos por terem notas ruins.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f170500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f170500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120851-1024x313.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-105\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120851-1024x313.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120851-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120851-768x235.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120851.png 1456w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e1a974 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e1a974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\"><div><div>Entenda a distribui\u00e7ao<\/div><\/div><\/div><p>LE3: &#8220;Less than 3&#8221;. No caso, menos que 3. Alunos com uma fam\u00edlia com menos de 3 membros parecem ter notas levemente maiores que alunos com fam\u00edlias com mais de 3 membros.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20163be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20163be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120909-1024x336.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-106\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120909-1024x336.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120909-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120909-768x252.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120909.png 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a3fa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59a3fa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"209\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120924.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-107\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120924.png 781w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120924-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120924-768x251.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9efd140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9efd140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120938-1024x425.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120938-1024x425.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120938-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120938-768x319.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120938.png 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23f79a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"23f79a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f130a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f130a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"212\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120956-1024x339.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-109\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120956-1024x339.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120956-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120956-768x254.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-120956.png 1359w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fb2bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a7fb2bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121009.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-110\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121009.png 765w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121009-300x99.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1c2642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121023-1024x448.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-111\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121023-1024x448.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121023-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121023-768x336.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121023.png 1282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d1e9b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d1e9b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\">Com essa an\u00e1lise, fica claro que alunos com pais no campo da educa\u00e7\u00e3o e sa\u00fade tendem a ter melhores notas.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744b3bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"744b3bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121040-1024x240.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-112\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121040-1024x240.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121040-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121040-768x180.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121040.png 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3781cea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3781cea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\">Alunos com pais vivos tendem a ter melhores notas<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed7b88d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed7b88d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"147\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121054-1024x235.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-113\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121054-1024x235.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121054-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121054-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121054.png 1501w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7107761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7107761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"147\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121112.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-114\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121112.png 744w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121112-300x69.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8a559f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e8a559f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"274\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121125-1024x438.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-115\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121125-1024x438.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121125-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121125-768x329.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121125.png 1299w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3129dfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3129dfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"123\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121137-1024x197.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-116\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121137-1024x197.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121137-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121137-768x148.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121137.png 1207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa26a0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa26a0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\"><div><div>Entenda a representa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><ul><li>1: Menos de 15 minutos<\/li><li>2: Entre 15 minutos e 30 min<\/li><li>3: Entre 30 minutos a 1 hora<\/li><li>4: Mais que 1 hora<\/li><\/ul><div>Fica claro que alunos que precisam se deslocar por menos tempo at\u00e9 a escola tem maiores notas.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3009a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3009a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121151-1024x241.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-117\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121151-1024x241.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121151-300x71.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121151-768x181.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121151.png 1483w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07290b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07290b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\"><div><div>Entenda a representa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><ul><li>1: Menos de 2 horas<\/li><li>2: Entre 2 horas e 5 horas<\/li><li>3: Entre 5 horas e 10 horas<\/li><li>4: Mais que 10 hr<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00c9 esperado que a correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre esses atributos seja maior. Observe:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88145e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88145e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"99\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121205.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-118\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121205.png 999w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121205-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121205-768x118.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00cc1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c00cc1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\"><p>Essa correla\u00e7\u00e3o ainda \u00e9 bastante fraca. Isso pode significar, por exemplo, que alguns alunos mentiram nas respostas.<\/p><p>H\u00e1, seguramente, um vi\u00e9s por parte dos alunos em que pessoas alheias acreditem que passam diversas horas estudando.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6482b3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6482b3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121218-1024x328.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-119\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121218-1024x328.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121218-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121218-768x246.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121218.png 1360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b3a5dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b3a5dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"81\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121231-1024x129.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-120\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121231-1024x129.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121231-300x38.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121231-768x97.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121231.png 1153w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8c878c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8c878c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\"><div><div>Entenda a representa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>Dados num\u00e9ricos, ordenados de 1 \u2013 muito baixo a 5 \u2013 alt\u00edssimo.<\/div><br \/><div>Alunos que consomem menos \u00e1lcool tem melhores notas.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f951cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9f951cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121244-1024x311.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-121\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121244-1024x311.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121244-300x91.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121244-768x233.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-121244.png 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cb4ac0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cb4ac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><div class=\"text-cell-section-header\">Com essa an\u00e1lise, \u00e9 aparente que alunos com horas medianas de tempo livre possuem notas melhores que os que tem muitas horas de tempo livre (4 a 5) ou poucas (1 ou menos).<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2deced8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2deced8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5432f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5432f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Por que analisar essas correla\u00e7\u00f5es?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75f0bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a75f0bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Al\u00e9m de serem boas m\u00e9tricas para analisar a qualidade das infer\u00eancias feitas, temos que entender uma quest\u00e3o: em bases de dados grandes como essa que estamos analisando, \u00e9 dif\u00edcil que todos os atributos tenham impactos reais no atributo que queremos prever.<\/p><p>Atributos como, por exemplo, a quantidade de tempo livre dos alunos e a quantidade de tempo que veem a amigos, provavelmente est\u00e3o altamente correlacionados. Ou, atributos como g\u00eanero dos alunos e suas notas finais, provavelmente n\u00e3o est\u00e3o correlacionados.<\/p><p>Analisar essas correla\u00e7\u00f5es nos ajuda a:<\/p><ol><li><p>Identificar de Relacionamentos Lineares, ajudando a perceber padr\u00f5es nos dados e entender como as vari\u00e1veis est\u00e3o relacionadas.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Selecionar Vari\u00e1veis para Modelagem, contribuindo para um modelo mais simples e interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o mais f\u00e1cil.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Identificar Multicolinearidade (ser\u00e1 explicado adiante).<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p>Gr\u00e1ficos de dispers\u00e3o associados \u00e0 an\u00e1lise de correla\u00e7\u00e3o podem proporcionar uma visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o direta dos padr\u00f5es nos dados. Isso pode ajudar a identificar tend\u00eancias, outliers e padr\u00f5es n\u00e3o lineares. Observe, abaixo, o gr\u00e1fico de correla\u00e7\u00e3o dos atributos que possu\u00edmos:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768bf3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"768bf3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7ef734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d7ef734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"255\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-134645.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-126\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-134645.png 844w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-134645-300x119.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-134645-768x306.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19f541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a19f541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-137\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap.png 2000w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/heatmap-1536x1152.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9454c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba9454c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a258689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a258689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Tome um tempo para observar bem esse mapa, e entender o que ele significa e o que nos diz. Por ele, podemos observar diretamente diversas correla\u00e7\u00f5es, que resultam em infer\u00eancias interessantes. \u00c1reas mais claras significam maior correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>Podemos observar que, por exemplo:<\/p><ul><li>Existe uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre tempo livre e tempo gasto com amigos.<\/li><li>Existe uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o negativa entre consumo de \u00e1lcool e tempo gasto estudando.<\/li><\/ul><p>Use esse mapa para entender melhor os dados e fazer, voc\u00ea, suas pr\u00f3prias infer\u00eancias. Mais rela\u00e7\u00f5es podem ser inferidas a partir destes dados.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41564e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"41564e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01444e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01444e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e9trica R^2 e Vari\u00e1veis Dummy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d5eff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d5eff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Dois fatores no c\u00f3digo \u00e0 seguir devem chamar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o: primeiramente, o resultado\u00a0<em>R^2 Score<\/em>; depois, a linha<\/p><p><em>X = pd.get_dummies(X, columns=[&#8216;Pstatus&#8217;, &#8216;Fjob&#8217;], drop_first=True)<\/em>.<\/p><p>Esses itens ser\u00e3o explicados agora.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee601e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ee601e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8764a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8764a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130-1024x357.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-127\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130-1024x357.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130-768x268.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130-1536x536.png 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135130.png 1591w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f91d82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f91d82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135214.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-128\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135214.png 679w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135214-300x181.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-729b431 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"729b431\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d852534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d852534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e9trica R^2 (l\u00ea-se R Quadrado)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6deeb58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6deeb58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Como podemos saber se nossas infer\u00eancias est\u00e3o corretas? Como avaliaremos se nosso modelo \u00e9 preciso? Para isso, temos a m\u00e9trica R^2.<\/p><p>De maneira simples, o chamado coeficiente de determina\u00e7\u00e3o, comumente representado por R\u00b2, mede a propor\u00e7\u00e3o da variabilidade na vari\u00e1vel dependente que \u00e9 explicada pelo modelo. Ele \u00e9 essencial na infer\u00eancia, mas pouco \u00fatil para predi\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Ele varia de 0 a 1, onde 0 indica que o modelo n\u00e3o explica nenhuma variabilidade e 1 indica que o modelo explica toda a variabilidade. Obtivemos, como pode ser observado acima, uma pontua\u00e7\u00e3o de 0.85, que \u00e9 bastante boa.<\/p><p>Nesse caso, um R\u00b2 mais alto indica um melhor ajuste do modelo aos dados, sugerindo que uma maior porcentagem da varia\u00e7\u00e3o na vari\u00e1vel dependente \u00e9 capturada pelas vari\u00e1veis independentes inclu\u00eddas no modelo.<\/p><p>A qualidade do R^2 est\u00e1 relacionada \u00e0 correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre as vari\u00e1veis. A an\u00e1lise de correla\u00e7\u00f5es pode informar a escolha de vari\u00e1veis para inclus\u00e3o no modelo de regress\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O R^2 pode melhorar se incluirmos vari\u00e1veis que t\u00eam uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o substancial com a vari\u00e1vel dependente e que n\u00e3o est\u00e3o altamente correlacionadas entre si. Isso adiciona mais informa\u00e7\u00e3o ao modelo, aumentando a capacidade de explicar a variabilidade na vari\u00e1vel dependente. \u00c9 interessante, para um estudo pr\u00f3prio do leitor, refazer o c\u00e1lculo de R^2, alterando as vari\u00e1veis que foram inclu\u00eddas e observando a mudan\u00e7a no resultado final.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7642339 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7642339\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900dacf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"900dacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vari\u00e1veis Dummy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a32053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a32053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>A segunda quest\u00e3o que chama aten\u00e7\u00e3o no c\u00f3digo \u00e9 a linha<\/p><p><em>X = pd.get_dummies(X, columns=[&#8216;Pstatus&#8217;, &#8216;Fjob&#8217;], drop_first=True)<\/em>.<\/p><p>Essa linha \u00e9 essencial para o funcionamento correto do c\u00f3digo. Entenda: o modelo de regress\u00e3o linear em scikit-learn requer que todas as vari\u00e1veis de entrada sejam num\u00e9ricas. Nesse caso, temos atributos &#8216;Pstatus&#8217; e &#8216;FJob&#8217; que s\u00e3o categ\u00f3ricos, ent\u00e3o, precisam ser tratados.<\/p><p>Para lidar com vari\u00e1veis categ\u00f3ricas, usamos t\u00e9cnicas como a &#8220;dummy encoding&#8221;, que nos permitem converter essas vari\u00e1veis em representa\u00e7\u00f5es num\u00e9ricas.<\/p><p>Esse pode ser um conceito dif\u00edcil de compreender bem. Em outros exemplos:<\/p><p>Se quis\u00e9ssemos incluir a vari\u00e1vel\u00a0<em>sexo<\/em>, por exemplo, em um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear, ter\u00edamos que transformar artificialmente a vari\u00e1vel em uma vari\u00e1vel dummy. Ter\u00edamos:<\/p><p><em>dummy_sexo = 1<\/em>\u00a0em caso de sexo feminino.\u00a0<em>dummy_sexo = 0<\/em>\u00a0em caso de sexo masculino.<\/p><p>Em um caso de vari\u00e1vel com 3 ou mais categorias, seria necess\u00e1rio criar sempre n-1 dummies. Por exemplo: no caso de incluirmos a vari\u00e1vel Estado (considerando que a base tem apenas os estados de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais), ter\u00edamos:\u00a0<em>dummy_SP: 1<\/em>\u00a0quando S\u00e3o Paulo e 0 nos demais\u00a0<em>dummy_RJ: 1<\/em>\u00a0quando Rio de Janeiro e 0 nos demais e\u00a0<em>dummy_MG<\/em>\u00a0existiria quando\u00a0<em>dummy_SP<\/em>\u00a0e\u00a0<em>dummy_RJ<\/em>\u00a0s\u00e3o nulos.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3469f44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3469f44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5382fd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5382fd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Multicolinearidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cb5134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cb5134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>A\u00a0<strong>multicolinearidade<\/strong>\u00a0ocorre quando duas ou mais vari\u00e1veis independentes em um modelo de regress\u00e3o est\u00e3o altamente correlacionadas entre si. Isso significa que uma vari\u00e1vel pode ser linearmente prevista a partir de outras vari\u00e1veis com uma alta precis\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A multicolinearidade torna dif\u00edcil para o modelo distinguir os efeitos individuais de vari\u00e1veis independentes correlacionadas, e pode levar a estimativas imprecisas dos coeficientes.<\/p><p>Em um caso em que a multicolinearidade existe, dois principais fatores s\u00e3o observ\u00e1veis:<\/p><ol><li><p>Pequenas mudan\u00e7as nos dados podem levar a grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas estimativas dos coeficientes.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Vari\u00e1veis que s\u00e3o verdadeiramente importantes para a explica\u00e7\u00e3o do fen\u00f4meno podem ser erroneamente consideradas n\u00e3o significativas, pois a multicolinearidade torna dif\u00edcil atribuir corretamente a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o de cada vari\u00e1vel.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p>Neste exemplo, buscaremos demonstrar por meio de um mapa de calor a exist\u00eancia de multicolinearidade nessa base de dados.<\/p><p>Por meio de uma infer\u00eancia b\u00e1sica, poder\u00edamos deduzir &#8220;logicamente&#8221; que, alunos que tendem a se sair bem nos dois primeiros trimestres, tamb\u00e9m se sair\u00e3o bem no terceiro. Provaremos isso agora:<\/p><p>Poder\u00edamos assumir tamb\u00e9m, uma poss\u00edvel correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre alunos com mais tempo livre a alunos que saem mais com os amigos.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85d0a9d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"85d0a9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-365e6a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"365e6a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135611.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-129\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135611.png 777w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135611-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135611-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e4b371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e4b371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135625.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135625.png 706w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135625-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab3c76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8ab3c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651-1024x370.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651-1024x370.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651-1536x555.png 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135651.png 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50c599e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50c599e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>O mapa demonstra que G1 e G2 est\u00e3o bastante relacionadas a G3, enquanto faltas n\u00e3o parecem influenciar nesses 3 atributos.<\/p><p>Isso n\u00e3o significa, necessariamente, que \u00e9 imposs\u00edvel fazer infer\u00eancias ou predi\u00e7\u00f5es usando esses atributos. Ainda assim, eles podem causar problemas de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o dos coeficientes e afetar a precis\u00e3o das predi\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac352d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ac352d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbaa08b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dbaa08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Valor do Fator de Infla\u00e7\u00e3o da Vari\u00e2ncia (VIF)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de216cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de216cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Uma medida que \u00e9 utilizada para avaliar empiricamente a exist\u00eancia de Multicolinearidade \u00e9 o Valor do Fator de Infla\u00e7\u00e3o da Vari\u00e2ncia (VIF). \u00c9 uma medida que indica o grau de multicolinearidade entre as vari\u00e1veis independentes em um modelo de regress\u00e3o linear.<\/p><p>Em termos simples, o VIF mostra quanto a vari\u00e2ncia de um coeficiente espec\u00edfico \u00e9 aumentada devido \u00e0 multicolinearidade com as outras vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>Interpretamos o\u00a0<strong>VIF<\/strong>\u00a0da seguinte maneira:<\/p><p>Um VIF de 1 indica aus\u00eancia de multicolinearidade. Geralmente, um VIF entre 1 e 5 \u00e9 considerado aceit\u00e1vel. Um VIF acima de 5 pode indicar a presen\u00e7a de multicolinearidade.<\/p><p><strong>Observe:<\/strong><\/p><p>G1: O VIF de G1 \u00e9 relativamente baixo, indicando que n\u00e3o h\u00e1 forte multicolinearidade entre G1 e as outras vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>G2: O VIF de G2 \u00e9 mais alto, indicando que h\u00e1 uma quantidade significativa de multicolinearidade entre G2 e as outras vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>G3: G3 tamb\u00e9m tem um VIF relativamente alto, sugerindo multicolinearidade com outras vari\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>const: A constante adicionada para calcular o VIF tem um VIF muito alto. Isso pode ser devido \u00e0 multicolinearidade entre as vari\u00e1veis independentes, incluindo a constante.<\/p><div><div><strong>O que isso significa?<\/strong><\/div><\/div><p>O VIF geralmente \u00e9 comparado com um limite espec\u00edfico (por exemplo, 5) para avaliar a presen\u00e7a de multicolinearidade. Neste caso, os valores de VIF para G2 e G3 podem ser considerados relativamente altos, sugerindo multicolinearidade significativa.<\/p><p>Como explicamos, a multicolinearidade pode afetar a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o dos coeficientes de regress\u00e3o, tornando-os inst\u00e1veis e dif\u00edceis de interpretar.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d14ce32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d14ce32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-358174f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"358174f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135710-1024x400.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-132\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135710-1024x400.png 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135710-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135710-768x300.png 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135710.png 1323w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"31e0707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"328\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135726.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-133\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135726.png 328w, https:\/\/wordpress.ft.unicamp.br\/revisa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/86\/2023\/11\/Captura-de-tela-2023-11-24-135726-300x152.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6c4aae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a6c4aae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cb5d78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2cb5d78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eecba8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eecba8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>Parab\u00e9ns, voce chegou ao fim desse tutorial! Esperamos que voc\u00ea tenha aprendido bastante e que o conte\u00fado tenha sido \u00fatil em sua jornada.<\/p><p>Nesse estudo, utilizamos duas ferramentas muito importantes para a Estat\u00edstica e Ci\u00eancia de Dados no geral: O Google Colaboratory (ou Colab) e Python. Recomendamos tamb\u00e9m que o aluno pesquise e se familiarize com ferramentas como R e Matlab, para se tornar mais versado em suas habilidades.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efcb8f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"efcb8f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb297f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ffb297f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddd6639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddd6639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cell-M1lPFRLdactV\" class=\"cell text focused\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"C\u00e9lula 15: C\u00e9lula de texto: \"><div class=\"main-content\"><div class=\"cell-contents\"><div class=\"editor-container horizontal\"><div class=\"text-top-div\"><div class=\"markdown\"><p>RYU, Thomas. Vari\u00e1veis Dummy: o que \u00e9? Quando usar? E como usar?. Medium: 2019. Dispon\u00edvel em:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fdata-hackers%2Fvari%25C3%25A1veis-dummy-o-que-%25C3%25A9-quando-usar-e-como-usar-78de66cfcca9%23%3A%7E%3Atext%3DVari%25C3%25A1veis%2520dummy%2520s%25C3%25A3o%2520vari%25C3%25A1veis%2520bin%25C3%25A1rias%2520%25280%2520ou%25201%2529%2Cdummy_sexo%2520%253D%25201%2520em%2520caso%2520de%2520sexo%2520feminino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/data-hackers\/vari%C3%A1veis-dummy-o-que-%C3%A9-quando-usar-e-como-usar-78de66cfcca9#:~:text=Vari%C3%A1veis%20dummy%20s%C3%A3o%20vari%C3%A1veis%20bin%C3%A1rias%20%280%20ou%201%29,dummy_sexo%20%3D%201%20em%20caso%20de%20sexo%20feminino O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/medium.com\/data-hackers\/vari%C3%A1veis-dummy-o-que-%C3%A9-quando-usar-e-como-usar-78de66cfcca9#:~:text=Vari%C3%A1veis%20dummy%20s%C3%A3o%20vari%C3%A1veis%20bin%C3%A1rias%20%280%20ou%201%29,dummy_sexo%20%3D%201%20em%20caso%20de%20sexo%20feminino<\/a>. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Silva, Elaine. O que \u00e9 multicolinearidade?. Medium: 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40lainetnr%2Fo-que-%25C3%25A9-multicolinearidade-e4adff76345a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@lainetnr\/o-que-%C3%A9-multicolinearidade-e4adff76345a O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@lainetnr\/o-que-%C3%A9-multicolinearidade-e4adff76345a<\/a>. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>MIREIA, Irina &amp; RUIZ, Raquel. Teste de Hip\u00f3teses: o que significa, quais s\u00e3o os tipos e como realizar um teste de hip\u00f3teses. Turing Talks: 2022. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fturing-talks%2Fteste-de-hip%25C3%25B3teses-o-que-significa-quais-s%25C3%25A3o-os-tipos-e-como-realizar-um-teste-de-hip%25C3%25B3teses-1decda841bcd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/turing-talks\/teste-de-hip%C3%B3teses-o-que-significa-quais-s%C3%A3o-os-tipos-e-como-realizar-um-teste-de-hip%C3%B3teses-1decda841bcd O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/medium.com\/turing-talks\/teste-de-hip%C3%B3teses-o-que-significa-quais-s%C3%A3o-os-tipos-e-como-realizar-um-teste-de-hip%C3%B3teses-1decda841bcd<\/a>. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>J\u00daNIOR, Cl\u00e9bio de Oliveira. Entendendo as m\u00e9tricas R\u00b2, MAE, MAPE, MSE e RMSE. Data Hackers: Dez. 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fdata-hackers%2Fprevendo-n%25C3%25BAmeros-entendendo-m%25C3%25A9tricas-de-regress%25C3%25A3o-35545e011e70%23%3A%7E%3Atext%3DA%2520m%25C3%25A9trica%2520R%25C2%25B2%252C%2520tamb%25C3%25A9m%2520conhecida%2520como%2520R-dois%2520ou%2Cpercentuais%252C%2520ou%2520seja%252C%2520variando%2520entre%25200%2525%2520e%2520100%2525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/data-hackers\/prevendo-n%C3%BAmeros-entendendo-m%C3%A9tricas-de-regress%C3%A3o-35545e011e70#:~:text=A%20m%C3%A9trica%20R%C2%B2%2C%20tamb%C3%A9m%20conhecida%20como%20R-dois%20ou,percentuais%2C%20ou%20seja%2C%20variando%20entre%200%25%20e%20100%25 O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/medium.com\/data-hackers\/prevendo-n%C3%BAmeros-entendendo-m%C3%A9tricas-de-regress%C3%A3o-35545e011e70#:~:text=A%20m%C3%A9trica%20R%C2%B2%2C%20tamb%C3%A9m%20conhecida%20como%20R-dois%20ou,percentuais%2C%20ou%20seja%2C%20variando%20entre%200%25%20e%20100%25<\/a>. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Python Scikit-Learn. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fscikit-learn.org%2Fstable%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/ O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/<\/a>. Acesso em 10 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Minaei-Bidgoli B.; Kashy D.; Kortemeyer G.; and Punch W., 2003. Predicting student performance: an application of data mining methods with an educational web-based system. In Proc. of IEEE Frontiers in Education. Colorado, USA, 13\u201318. Acesso em 12 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Hastie T.; Tibshirani R.; and Friedman J., 2001. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Infererence, and Prediction. Springer-Verlag, NY, USA. Acesso em 12 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Cortez, Paulo. (2014). Student Performance. UCI Machine Learning Repository.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/corgiredirector?site=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24432%2FC5TG7T\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24432\/C5TG7T O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24432\/C5TG7T<\/a>. Acesso em 12 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Student-Grades-Prediction, por Shwetago. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Shwetago\/Student-grades-prediction\/blob\/master\/Predicting_student_grades.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Shwetago\/Student-grades-prediction\/blob\/master\/Predicting_student_grades.ipynb O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/github.com\/Shwetago\/Student-grades-prediction\/blob\/master\/Predicting_student_grades.ipynb<\/a>. Acesso em 16 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Student-Performance-Prediction, por RohithYogi. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/RohithYogi\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md.%C3%9Altimo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/github.com\/RohithYogi\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md.\u00daltimo O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/github.com\/RohithYogi\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md.\u00daltimo<\/a>\u00a0acesso em 17 nov. 2023.<\/p><p>Student Performance, por Ben Gruher. Dispon\u00edvel em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bengruher\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bengruher\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md O link vai ser aberto num novo separador\">https:\/\/github.com\/bengruher\/Student-Performance-Prediction\/blob\/master\/README.md<\/a>. \u00daltimo acesso em 17 nov. 2023.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o a Regress\u00e3o A regress\u00e3o \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica estat\u00edstica que busca modelar e definir a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma vari\u00e1vel dependente (resposta) e uma ou mais [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":113,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-240","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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